There have been significant changes in the way statistics are applied in the biomedical fields over the last decade. Emphasizing biomedical research methodology, this fully updated Fourth Edition of Basic Statistics clearly explains the use of exploratory data analysis, multiple regression, data collection, and nonparametric tests in contemporary studies. Through short, concise, nontechnical presentations, upper undergraduate and graduate students and practicing biostatisticians learn how to interpret and examine data from biomedical studies and apply such tools as sampling, random assignment, and biostatistical analyses in their own research.
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1 Initial Steps
1.1 Reasons for Studying Biostatistics
1.2 Initial Steps in Designing a Biomedical Study
1.3 Common Types of Biomedical Studies
Problems
References
2 Populations and Samples
2.1 Basic Concepts
2.2 Definitions of Types of Samples
2.3 Methods of Selecting Simple Random Samples
2.4 Application of Sampling Methods in Biomedical Studies
Problems
References
3 Collecting and Entering Data
3.1 Initial Steps
3.2 Data Entry
3.3 Screening the Data
3.4 Code Book
Problems
References
4 Frequency Tables and Their Graphs
4.1 Numerical Methods of Organizing Data
4.2 Graphs
Problems
References
5 Measures of Location and Variability
5.1 Measures of Location
5.2 Measures of Variability
5.3 Sampling Properties of the Mean and Variance
5.4 Considerations in Selecting Appropriate Statistics
5.5 A Common Graphical Method for Displaying Statistics
Problems
References
6 The Normal Distribution
6.1 Properties of the Normal Distribution
6.2 Areas Under the Normal Curve
6.3 Importance of the Normal Distribution
6.4 Examining Data for Normality
6.5 Transformations
Problems
References
7 Estimation of Population Means: Confidence Intervals
7.1 Confidence Intervals
7.2 Needed Sample Size for a Desired Confidence Interval
7.3 The t Distribution
7.4 Confidence Interval for the Mean, Using the t Distribution
7.5 Estimating the Difference Between Two Means: Unpaired Data
7.6 Estimating the Difference Between Two Means: Paired Comparison
Problems
References
8 Tests of Hypotheses on Population Means
8.1 Tests of Hypotheses for a Single Mean
8.2 Tests for Equality of two Means: Unpaired Data
8.3 Testing for Equality of Means: Paired Data
8.4 Concepts Used in Statistical Testing
8.5 Sample Size
8.6 Confidence Intervals Versus Tests
8.7 Correcting for Multiple Testing
8.8 Reporting the Results
Problems
References
9 Variances: Estimation and Tests
9.1 Point Estimates for Variances and Standard Deviations
9.2 Testing Whether Two Variances Are Equal: F Test
9.3 Approximate t Test
9.4 Other Tests
Problems
References
10 Categorical Data: Proportions
10.1 Single Population Proportion
10.2 Samples from Categorical Data
10.3 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial
10.4 Confidence Intervals for a Single Population Proportion
10.5 Confidence Intervals for the Difference in Two Proportions
10.6 Tests of Hypothesis for Population Proportions
10.7 Sample Size for Testing Two Proportions
10.8 Data Entry and Analysis Using Statistical Programs
Problems
References
11 Categorical Data: Analysis of Two-Way Frequency Tables
11.1 Different Types of Tables
11.2 Relative Risk and Odds Ratio
11.3 Chi-Square Tests for Frequency Tables: two-by-two Tables
11.4 Chi-Square Tests for Larger Tables
11.5 Remarks
Problems
References
12 Regression and Correlation
12.1 The Scatter Diagram: Single Sample
12.2 Linear Regression: Single Sample
12.3 The Correlation Coefficient for two Variables from a Single Sample
12.4 Linear Regression Assuming the Fixed-X Model
12.5 Other Topics in Linear Regression
Problems
References
13 Nonparametric Statistics
13.1 The Sign Test
13.2 TheWilcoxon Signed Rank Test
13.3 TheWilcoxon-Mann-Whitney Test
13.4 Spearman's Rank Correlation
Problems
References
14 Introduction to Survival Analysis
14.1 Survival Analysis Data
14.2 Survival Functions
14.3 Computing Estimates of f(t), S(t), and h(t)
14.4 Comparison of Clinical Life Tables and the Kaplan-Meier Method
14.5 Additional Analyses Using Survival Data
Problems
References
Appendix A: Statistical Tables
Appendix B: Answers to Selected Problems
Appendix C: Computer Statistical Program Resources
C.1 Computer Systems for Biomedical Education and Research
C.2 A brief indication of statistics computer program advances and some relevant publications since year 2000
C.3 Choices of computer statistical software
Bibliography
Index