In recent years, researchers have discovered a new type of signaling mechanism based on cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP). This newly recognized second messenger is strongly associated with the transition between the motile and sessile states of many bacteria as well as the formation and dispersion of biofilms in many bacteria. The near universality of this second messenger in bacteria combined with the biomedical relevance and commercial importance of biofilms has generated much interest in c-di-GMP signaling research.
This book examines c-di-GMP signaling from a variety of angles, beginning with an introductory chapter that compares c-di-GMP to the better-known second messenger cAMP. Next, the book recounts the discovery of c-di-GMP, explains the important role of bioinformatics in the development and continued evolution of the field, and then describes the fundamental structure, function, regulation, and integration of c-di-GMP pathways. Further chapters explore the role of c-di-GMP in such diverse processes as flagellar biogenesis and motility, extracellular polysaccharide biosynthesis, biofilm development, virulence, and innate host immunity. The book ends with an expert forecast of the future of c-di-GMP signaling research and its applications.
Each chapter has been written and reviewed by leading pioneers in this rapidly evolving field. As the first book dedicated to c-di-GMP, it serves as a comprehensive reference on the state of the science for both experienced researchers and for those who are interested in discovering its many promising applications.
I. Second Messengers: an Overview
1. Introduction to Second Messengers: Lessons from Cyclic AMP
Alan J. Wolfe
II. General Principles: the Core
2. Moshe Benziman and the Discovery of Cyclic Di-GMP
Dorit Amikam, Haim Weinhouse, and Michael Y. Galperin
3. Ubiquity of Cyclic Di-GMP Pathways: a Bioinformatic Analysis
Michael Y. Galperin
4. The Core Pathway: Diguanylate Cyclases, Cyclic Di-GMP-Specific Phosphodiesterases, and Cyclic Di-GMP-Binding Proteins
Mark Gomelsky
5. The HD-GYP Domain and Cyclic Di-GMP Signaling
Robert P. Ryan, Yvonne McCarthy, and J. Maxwell Dow
6. Methods for Cyclic Di-GMP Detection
Christopher M. Waters
7. Making, Breaking, and Sensing of Cyclic Di-GMP: Structural, Thermodynamic, and Evolutionary Principles
Dorothy Kim, John F. Hunt, and Tilman Schirmer
III. Cyclic Di-GMP and Lifestyle Choices
8. Choosing the Right Lifestyle: Regulation of Developmental Pathways by Cyclic Di-GMP
Matthew Parsek and Phillip Aldridge
9. Role of Cyclic Di-GMP in Caulobacter crescentus Development and Cell Cycle Control
Sören Abel and Urs Jenal
10. Hierarchical Control of rdar Morphotype Development of Salmonella enterica by Cyclic Di-GMP
Ute Römling, Kristina Jonas, Öjar Melefors, Nina Grantcharova, and Agaristi Lamprokostopoulou
11. Role of Cyclic Di-GMP in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm Development
Caroline S. Harwood
12. The Scr Circuit in Vibrio parahaemolyticus Modulates Swarming and Sticking
Linda L. McCarter
13. Roles of Diguanylate Cyclases and Phosphodiesterases in Motility and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio fischeri
Alan J. Wolfe and Karen L. Visick
14. Csr (Rsm) System and Its Overlap and Interplay with Cyclic Di-GMP Regulatory Systems
Tony Romeo and Paul Babitzke
15. Riboswitches That Sense Cyclic Di-GMP
Elaine R. Lee, Narasimhan Sudarsan, and Ronald R. Breaker
16. Role of Cyclic Di-GMP in the Regulatory Networks of Escherichia coli
Regine Hengge
17. Cyclic Di-GMP Signaling in Vibrio cholerae
Sinem Beyhan and Fitnat H. Yildiz
18. Role of Cyclic Di-GMP in Biofilm Development and Signaling in Yersinia pestis
Robert D. Perry and Alexander G. Bobrov
19. Environmental Control of Cyclic Di-GMP Signaling in Pseudomonas fluoresens: from Signal to Output
Peter D. Newell and George A. O’Toole
IV. Cyclic Di-GMP, Pathogenesis, and Host Immunity
20. Role of Cyclic Di-GMP in Vibrio cholerae Virulence
Jason T. Pratt, Rita Tamayo, and Andrew Camilli
21. Cyclic Di-GMP Signaling and Host Immunity
David K. R. Karaolis and Theodore J. Standiford
22. Bis-(3’,5’)-Cyclic Di-GMP: Promising Adjuvant for Vaccine Design
Thomas Ebensen, Rimma Libanova, and Carlos A. Guzmán
V. Conclusions
23. Cyclic Di-GMP: Using the Past To Peer into the Future
Karen L. Visick and Alan J. Wolfe