Modern medical technologies are repairing the human body in ways never imagined only a few years ago, but they are leaving an increasing population of patients who are newly susceptible to opportunistic pathogens. Invasive and chronic fungal infections have become a formidable clinical opponent, and foremost among them is Aspergillus fumigatus.
Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis assembles chapters from a large and international contingent of experts in the field to explore every major aspect of A. fumigatus and how it kills so many patients. This volume offers the latest insights into the fundamental biology and pathogenesis of A. fumigatus and how it establishes disease, as well as the newest strategies for characterizing, diagnosing, and treating its spectrum of clinical infection.
This valuable book is an instrumental resource for both scientists and clinicians tackling the current problems with Aspergillosis. It presents chapters on the species itself, including morphology and unique and specific genes, the importance of polarized growth, as well as the organism's response to environmental stress by moving from a saprophyte to a pathogen. The interface with the host immune system—paramount to disease phenotype—is detailed, as are the many faces of disease created by A. fumigatus. Newer diagnostic and treatment strategies are covered, including the optimal timing of antifungal therapy and the strategic choice of which agent to use.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction, David A. Stevens
I. The Species
2. Morphology and Reproductive Mode of Aspergillus fumigatus, Robert A. Samson, János Varga, and Paul S. Dyer
3. Molecular Methods for Species Identification and Strain Typing of Aspergillus fumigatus, S. Arunmozhi Balajee and Corné H. W. Klaassen
4. Aspergillus fumigatus Specificities as Deduced from Comparative Genomics, Amandine Gastebois, Karine Lambou, Joanne Wong Sak Hoi, and Fredj Tekaia
5. Essential Genes in Aspergillus fumigatus, Wenqi Hu, Bo Jiang, and Terry Roemer
II. Growth and Sensing, or Resisting Environmental Stress
6. Aspects of Primary Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism, Sven Krappmann
7. Phospholipases of Aspergillus fumigatus, Geoffrey D. Robson
8. Aspergillus fumigatus Secreted Proteases, Michel Monod, Olivier Jousson, and Utz Reichard
9. Cations (Zn, Fe), José Antonio Calera and Hubertus Haas
10. Conidial Germination in Aspergillus fumigatus, Nir Osherov
11. Growth Polarity, Michelle Momany and Yainitza Hernández-Rodríguez
12. Biofilm Formation in Aspergillus fumigatus, Anne Beauvais and Frank-Michael Müller
13. Signal Transduction, Gregory S. May and Taylor Schoberle
14. Cell Wall of Aspergillus fumigatus: a Dynamic Structure, Isabelle Mouyna and Thierry Fontaine
15. Genetic Regulation of Aspergillus Secondary Metabolites and Their Role in Fungal Pathogenesis, Robert A. Cramer, Jr., E. Keats Schwab, and Nancy P. Keller
16. Aspergillus fumigatus: Survival and Death Under Stress, David S. Askew and Judith C. Rhodes
III. Immune Defense Against Aspergillus
17. Reactive Oxygen Intermediates, pH and Calcium, Elaine Bignell
18. Innate Defense against Aspergillus: the Phagocyte, Michel Chignard
19. Interactions of Aspergillus Infection and Allergy, Luigina Romani
20. Dendritic Cells in Aspergillus Infection and Allergy, Luigina Romani
21. CD4+ T-Cell Responses to Aspergillus fumitagus, Amariliz Rivera and Eric G. Pamer
22. Innate Recognition of Aspergillus fumigatus by the Mammalian Immune System, Lisa M. Graham and Gordon D. Brown
IV. The Spectrum of the Disease
23. Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis, Aimee K. Zaas and Barbara D. Alexander
24. Aspergillus Sinusitis and Cerebral Aspergillosis, Stefan Schwartz and Markus Ruhnke
25. Chronic Aspergillosis, David W. Denning
26. Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis, Richard B. Moss
V. Diagnosis
27. Histology and Radiology, Reginald Greene, Kazutoshi Shibuya, and Tsunihiro Ando
28. Galactomannan and Anti-Aspergillus Antibody Detection for the Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis, Paul E. Verweij
29. Aspergillus PCR, P. Lewis White and Rosemary A. Barnes
VI. Therapy
30. Antifungal Polyenes, Andreas H. Groll and Thomas J. Walsh
31. Azoles, Raoul Herbrecht and Yasmine Nivoix
32. Echinocandins in the Treatment of Aspergillosis, Johan Maertens and Vincent Maertens
33. Antifungal Drug Interactions, Russell E. Lewis
34. Antifungal Mechanisms of Action and Resistance, David S. Perlin and Emilia Mellado
35. Immunotherapy, Brahm H. Segal and Luigina R. Romani
VII. Timing of Antifungal Therapy
36. Prophylaxis against Invasive Aspergillosis, Jo-Anne H. Young
37. Therapy of Invasive Aspergillosis: Current Consensus and Controversies, Dimitrios P. Kontoyiannis and Kieren A. Marr
VIII. Specific Patient Populations
38. Invasive Aspergillosis in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients, Hsin-Yun Sun, Patricia Muñoz, Emilio Bouza, and Nina Singh
39. Invasive Aspergillosis in Malignancy and Stem Cell Transplant Recipients, Elio Castagnola and Claudio Viscoli
40. Invasive Aspergillosis in Pediatric Patients, Emmanuel Roilides and Paraskevi Panagopoulou
Conclusion
41. A Perspective View on Aspergillus fumigatus Research for the Next Ten Years, Jean-Paul Latgé and William J. Steinbach