The development of protein conjugate vaccines against pneumococcal disease is arguably the greatest public health achievement of the new millennium. This book describes the development of the vaccines, their remarkable impact on respiratory and other pneumococcal infections, and the vaccines’ wider impact on public health.
Acute respiratory infections due to pneumococci are the leading vaccine-preventable cause of death. The first pneumococcal conjugate vaccine was licensed seven years ago in the United States and is now in general use worldwide. While the vaccine's dramatic impact on the target population was anticipated, the magnitude of herd immunity provided to unimmunized individuals was not. This benefit has enormously enhanced the public health impact of the vaccine.
With 28 chapters contributed by the world’s leading experts, this book summarizes the latest findings on the effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. It includes chapters on epidemiology, immunologic mechanisms, conjugation methods, antibiotic resistance, PCV immunogenicity in healthy and high-risk individuals, otitis media, and direct and indirect protective effects. For professionals in academia, public health, government, or industry, this book summarizes the current knowledge on pneumococcal vaccines with particular emphasis on the years after the introduction of the conjugate vaccine.
Table of Contents
Dedication: Robert Austrian, M.D., Jeffrey N. Weiser, M.D.
I. HISTORY
1 The History of Pneumococcal Disease, Barry M. Gray and Daniel M. Musher
2 History of Pneumococcal Immunization, P. Helena Mäkelä and Jay C. Butler
II. BIOLOGICAL BASIS
3 Genetics, Biosynthesis, and Chemistry of Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides, Janet Yother, Stephen D. Bentley, and John P. Hennessey, Jr.
4 Animal Models of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, David E. Briles, Susan K. Hollingshead, and Ingileif Jonsdottir
5 Animal Models of Pneumococcal Colonization, Richard Malley and Jeffrey N. Weiser
6 The Immunobiology of Polysaccharide and Conjugate Vaccines, David Goldblatt, Tracy Assari, and Clifford Snapper
7 Interactions of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Complement Proteins, Margaret K. Hostetter
III. CLINICAL DISEASE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
8 Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Serious Pneumococcal Infections in Children, Shabir A. Madhi and Stephen I. Pelton
9 Pneumococcal Pneumonia in Adults: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Therapy, Jeffrey B. Rubins, David Boulware, and Edward N. Janoff
10 Pneumococcal Serotype Epidemiology, William P. Hausdorff, Angela B. Brueggemann, Jill G. Hackell, and J. Anthony G. Scott
IV. MANUFACTURING AND PRODUCT RELEASE ISSUES
11 Conjugation Chemistry, Andrew Lees, Velupillai Puvanesarajah, and Carl E. Frasch
12 Pneumococcal Vaccines: Manufacture and Quality Control for Product Release, Milan S. Blake
13 Licensing of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines for Children and Adults: Regulatory Perspective from the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Marion F. Gruber, Douglas Pratt, and Manfred Haase
V. IMMUNOGENICITY
14 Quantitation of Anti-Pneumococcal Capsular Antibody in Ligand-Binding Assays, Dace V. Madore, Sally A. Quataert, and Merja Vakevainen
15 Functional Assays for Pneumococcal Antibody, Moon H. Nahm and Sandra Romero-Steiner
16 Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Infants and Children, Helena Käyhty, Stephen Lockhart, and Lode Schuerman
17 Immunogenicity and Safety in Adults, Lisa A. Jackson and George R. Siber
18 Immunogenicity in High-Risk and Immunocompromised Children and Adults, Neil French, Sharon Nachman, and Stephen I. Pelton
VI. EFFICACY AND SAFETY
19 Nasopharyngeal Carriage, Katherine L. O'Brien, Ron Dagan, and P. Helena Mäkelä
20 Acute Otitis Media and Its Sequelae, Terhi Kilpi and Lode Schuerman
21 Meta-Analysis of the Efficacy of Conjugate Vaccines against Invasive Pneumococcal Disease, Keith P. Klugman, Felicity Cutts, Richard A. Adegbola, Steven Black, Shabir A. Madhi, Katherine L. O'Brien, Mathuram Santosham, Henry Shinefield, and Jonathan A. C. Sterne
22 Efficacy and Safety of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine in the Prevention of Pneumonia, Shabir A. Madhi and Keith P. Klugman
23 Establishing Immune Correlates of Protection, Robert C. Kohberger, Jukka Jokinen, and George R. Siber
VII. PUBLIC HEALTH IMPACT
24 Direct and Indirect Effectiveness and Safety of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Practice, Cynthia G. Whitney and Matthew R. Moore
25 Impact of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine on Antibiotic Resistance, Ron Dagan and Keith P. Klugman
26 Pharmacoeconomics of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines, Anushua Sinha and G. Thomas Ray
27 Opportunities and Challenges for Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, Orin S. Levine and Brian Greenwood
VIII. WHERE NEXT
28 Protein Vaccines, James C. Paton and John W. Boslego
Conclusions, George R. Siber, Keith P. Klugman, and P. Helena Mäkelä